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i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

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An Experimental Investigation to Determine the Failure Load of Optimal Hammer Head Pier Cap and Interpolate using Univariate Splines Machine Learning Algorithm
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Sustainable Urban Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review of Environmental Safety Practices in Civil Engineering
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Recycled Aggregate on the Durability and Mechanical Properties of Concrete
A Step by Step Analysis to Solve the Equation of Motion in Space and Time using Basis Splines - A Class Room Example

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Volume 2 Issue 1 December - February 2012

Article

Overview And New Technology Of Prestressing Steel – Concrete Composite Bridge

Pramod Kumar Gupta* , Vikash Khatri**

* Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

** Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

Singh, K, P., and Khatri, K. (2012). Overview And New Technology Of Prestressing Steel – Concrete Composite Bridge. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1749

Abstract

Prestressed concrete and steel concrete composite are commonly used for constructing bridges. Construction of prestressed concrete bridge is time taking and less reliable. Steel concrete composite bridges have problem of excessive deflection under dead and super imposed loads, live load and deflection due to shrinkage and creep of deck slab concrete. External post-tensioning for strengthening of existing bridges has been used in many countries and has been found to provide an efficient and economic solution for a wide range of bridge types and conditions. External prestressing is now being used for construction of new bridges also. The paper introduces a new concept of prestressed steel-concrete composite bridge, in which external post-tensioning is used in the steel-concrete composite bridge. In the prestressed steel-concrete composite bridge, high tensile wires are tensioned by means of jacks bearing on the end block of the concrete deck slab and anchored. As a result, longitudinal stress level of the concrete deck slab is raised, which not only eliminates shrinkage and creep strains but also improves its fatigue performance. 40.0m and 72.0m spans, un-supported and supported during construction composite and prestressed composite bridges have been considered for the comparison. It is concluded that prestressing not only raises stress level of the deck slab concrete improving its fatigue performance, but it also improves strength and stiffness of the bridge considerably. Further, it is concluded that prestressed steel-concrete composite bridges need not be supported during construction as the deflections under dead load and imposed load are eliminated using prestress. This is highly desirable for longer spans. For example, prestressed steel-concrete composite bridges can be used for longer span up to 80m in comparison to prestressed concrete bridges and steel concrete composite bridges, which can be constructed up to 40m span only.

References

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[2].Collings.D, (2005). “Steel concrete composite bridges.” Thomas Telford publishing Ltd. London.

[3]. Daly, A.F. and Witarnawan W. (1997), 'Strengthening of bridges using external post-tensioning', Transport Research Laboratory, Birkshire, U.K.

[4]. Hyo-Gyoung Kwak and Young-Jae Seo. (2000), “Long-term behavior of composite girder bridges”. Computers and Structures 74 583-599.

[5]. IRC: 6-2000, “Standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges. Section II, Loads and stresses.” Indian road congress, New Delhi.

[6]. IRC: 22-1986, “Code of practice for road bridges. Section VI, composite construction.” Indian road congress, New Delhi.

[7]. IS 800: 2007, “General construction in steel-code of practice.” Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.

[8]. Jhonson. R.P., “Composite structure of steel and concrete.” Oxford Blackwell publication. London.

[9]. Kasim, S.Y and Chen, A. (2006), “Conceptual design and analysis of steel concrete composite bridges: state of art.” Technical article.

[10]. Kim, H.Y, Jeong.Y.J, Kim.J.H and Park.S.K. (2005), “Steel concrete composite deck for PSC Girder bridges.” Journal of civil engineering, KSCE. Vol. 9, No. 5, September.pp.385-390.

[11]. Miyamoto, A., Tei, K., Nakamura, H., and Bull, J. W. (2000). "Behavior of Prestressed Beam Strengthened with External Tendons." Journal of Structural Engineering, 126(9), 1033-1044.

[12]. Nakamura.S, Momiyama.Y, Hosaka.T and Homma.K. (2002), “New technologies of steel/concrete composite bridges.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 58.pp.99-130.

[13]. Singh, P.K., (2008). 'Fatigue in Concrete decks of cable stayed bridges', Proc. Int. Conf. on 'Innovations in Structural Engineering and Construction', Taylor & Francis Group, London.

[14]. Suntharavadivel, T. G., and Aravinthan, T. (2005). "Overview of External Post-Tensioning in Bridges." Southern Engineering Conference, D. Thorpe, U.Yadav, C. Snook, and G. Liang, eds., Engineers Australia, Queensland Division, Toowoomba, Australia, 29-38.

[15]. Tan, K. H., Farooq, M. A.-A., and Ng, C. K. (2001). "Behavior of Simple-Span Reinforced Concrete Beams Locally Strengthened with External Tendons."ACI Structural Journal, 98(2), 174-183.

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Research Paper

Snow Wetness And Density Estimation Using Space Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

Praveen Thakur* , Rahul D Garg, Garg P.K.*

* Scientist, Department of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

* Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Thakur, P, K., Garg, R, D., and Garg, P, K. (2012). Snow Wetness And Density Estimation Using Space Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Data. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1750

Abstract

The current study has been done using space based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data to estimate the snow wetness and snow density in Manali watershed of Beas River, Himachal Pradesh, India. SAR data used is dual co-polarized (HH/VV) data of Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)-Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data. SAR based inversion models were implemented in Mathematica and MATLAB, and has been used for finding wet and dry snow dielectric constant, snow wetness and snow density. Maps of forest cover, layover and shadow were used to mask these areas in snow parameter estimation. Overall accuracy in terms of R2 value comes out to be 0.86 for snow wetness and, 0.85 for snow density based on ground truth data for subset area of Manali sub-basin of Beas river upto Manali.

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Research Paper

Water Chemistry Of Suran River, District Poonch, Jammu And Kashmir State, India

B.A. Lone* , Amita Fotedar, B.K. Fotedar*

* Post Graduate, Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K State).

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K State).

* Teacher's Training Institute and Modern Academy of Education, Talab Khatikan, Jammu (J&K State).

Lone, A, B., Fotedar, A., and Fotedar, B.K. (2012). Water Chemistry Of Suran River, District Poonch, Jammu And Kashmir State, India. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1751

Abstract

Studies carried out on fifteen water samples of the Suran river from Bonikhet to Surankot, Poonch district, Jammu Himalaya in respect of Si4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2 and Pb2+ reveal Fe2+, Mn2+ and Si4+ concentration above permissible limits and hence toxic for human consumption. However, no element among the chemically analysed was found harmful as far as agriculture is concerned. Turbidity values of Suran river water were found higher because of higher index of erosion in the watershed areas of Suran river. The different parameters for water, with respect to agricultural use namely: SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), SSP (Sodium Soluble Percentage), RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate), MR (Magnesium Ratio), CR (Corrosivity Ratio), EC (Electrical Conductivity), TDS (Total Dissolved Salts), TH (Total Hardness as CaCO3 are found all below permissible levels. TDS values are found < 500 ppm and hence suitable for domestic use.

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Research Paper

Soil Improvement By The Use Of Waste Plastic Material

Kaiser Bukhari* , Naveesh Sharma, B.A. Lone*

* Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, J&K.

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

* Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu.

Bukhari, S. K., Sharma, N., and Lone, B.A. (2012). Soil Improvement By The Use Of Waste Plastic Material. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1752

Abstract

Most of the geotechnical projects focus on assessing the existing ground and rock conditions. On some project, the soil condition may be poor, so we may have to consider the methods for soil improvement. Presently used techniques for ground improvement are removal and replacement of weak soils; grouting the weak soil, vibrocompactions, dynamic compaction, blast densification; insitu replacement of weak soils, stabilisation using admixtures, concrete soil reinforcement and use of geosynthetics such as geotextiles, geogrids, geowebs, etc. But these methods may be either expensive or time consuming. These may also prove a hazard to the environment. This is a serious problem experienced by the civil engineers. To overcome this problem, we introduce the use of waste plastic materials for soil improvement. These can perform five primary functions such as separation between different layers, reinforcement, fluid barriers, protection of geosynthetics, erosion control. This technique is found to be simple, cost effective and does not require any special equipment. Also, helps to save our environment, as disposal of plastics is a problem creating environmental hazard.

References

[1]. Alaa Ashmawy, Rory McDonald, Delfin Carreon and Fikret Atalay (2006). Stabilization Of Marginal Soils Using Recycled Materials, Florida Department of Transportation, (FDOT) 2006 Florida.

[2]. Collins, R.J. and Ciesielski, S. K. (1994). “Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction,” Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, National Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP), Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

[3]. Conduito P.D. (2002), “Geotechnical Engineering, Principles and practices”, Prentice-Hall of India, private limited, New Delhi pp.669-680

[4]. Consoli, N.C., Montardo, J.P., Prietto, P.D.M., and Pasa, G.S. (2002). “Engineering behavior of a sand reinforced with plastic waste.” J. of Geotech. and Geoenviron. Eng., Vol. 128, No. 6, pp. 462-472.

[5]. Edil, T.B, and Benson, C.H. (1998), “Geotechnics of industrial by-products.” Recycled Materials in Geotechnical Applications, ASCE GSP 79, C. Vipulanandan, and D.j. Elton, Eds., pp. 1-18.

[6]. Holtz, R.D. (2001), “Geosynthetics for soil reinforcement, The Ninth Spencer J. Buchanan Lecture”, Friday November 9, 2001 College Station, 810 University Drive, College Station TX-77840.

[7]. Holtz, R.D, Christopher, B.R. & Berg, R.R. (1997), “Geosynthetic Engineering”, Bi Tech publication, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp.-451

[8]. Liu, H.S., Mead, J.L., and Stacer, R.G. (2000). “Environmental effects of recycled rubber in light-fill applications.” Rubber Chemistry Technology, Vol. 73, pp. 551-564.

[9]. O'Shaughnessy, V., and Garga, V.K. (1999). “Tire-reinforced earthfill. Part 3: environmental assessment.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 117-131.

[10]. Rao Venkatappa, G & Kaushish (2001) “Geosynthetic Application in Civil Engineering, A short course”, Committee for International Geosynthetic Society (India), Central Board for Irrigation and Power, Publication No.-283 pp. 1-14

[11]. Schaefer V.R. (1997), “Ground Improvement, Ground Reinforcement, Ground Treatment Developments 1987-1997”, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 69, ACME

[12]. Tan, S.L. (1990) “Stress-Deflection Characteristics of soil overlain with geosynthetics.”, MSCE Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, pp.146.

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Research Paper

Advancements in Flood Risk Mapping Systems: A Brief Review

Anurag Aeron* , Rahul D Garg, D. S. Arya*, S. P. Aggarwal****

* Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.

* Associate Professor, Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.

**** Scientist SF, Water Resource Division, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.

Aeron, A., Garg, R. D., Arya, D. S., and Aggarwal, S.P. (2012). Advancements In Flood Risk Mapping Systems: A Brief Review. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1755

Abstract

Floods have the greatest damage potential of all natural disasters worldwide and affect the largest number of people. Plans and efforts must be undertaken to move from post-disaster response to disaster mitigation. More than ever, there is the need for decision makers to adopt holistic approaches for flood disaster mitigation and management. It is recognized that comprehensive assessments of risks from natural hazards, are needed. Assessment of risk and the involvement of the community in the decision making, planning and implementation process can help to obtain sustainable solutions. Solutions must reflect the human dimension and must also consider the impacts of changing land use on flooding, erosion, and landslides. Implementation will only be sustainable if solutions are suitable for the community at risk, over the long term. Different country uses different policies and methods for minimizing vulnerabilities and adverse impacts of hazards to facilitate sustainable development. In this paper, the high risk and socio-economical loss due to flood is discussed. Various concepts and methods are presented by different researchers to mitigate the effect of floods. Remote Sensing, GIS, Google Earth and various new software and technologies are being used for flood forecasting and flood risk analysis. A brief review of few methods is presented in this paper. After a critical analysis it can be concluded that a highly integrated system is required for forecasting the floods. It should integrate geo-morphological, hydrological, meteorological, and socioeconomic aspects to provide more accurate and effective results for decision making. It requires coordination across many agencies at national to community levels for the system to work. Therefore it is clear that efficient disaster mitigation system is rigorously required to minimize the social and financial loss. In current scenario various new technologies and equipments are used to forecast and mitigate the disaster effects.

References

[1]. Balabanova, S. and Vassilev, V. (2010). 'Creation of Flood Hazard Maps', Water Observation and Information System for Balkan Countries (BALWOIS) 2010-Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia-25-29 May.

[2]. Chan Yili and Mori M. (2011). 'Web-based flood monitoring system using Google Earth and 3D GIS', International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2011 IEEE, 24-29 July 2011, pp.1902-1905.

[3]. Du Cong, Yan Fuli and Liu Jing, (2006). 'Uncertainty Analysis of Flood Disaster Assessment using Remote Sensing Data', IEEE International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, July 31-Aug. 4 2006, pp.1063-1065.

[4]. Forkuo Eric Kwabena, (2011). 'Flood Hazard Mapping using Aster Image data with GIS', International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, Vol. 1, No 4, 2011, pp 932-950.

[5]. Forkuo, E.K., (2010). 'Digital Elevation Modelling Using ASTER Stereo Imagery', Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol.52 No.2, pp 81-92.

[6]. Hema Malini, B. and Nageswara Rao, K., (2004). 'Coastal erosion and habitat loss along the Godavari delta front - a fallout of dam construction', Current Science, Vol.87, pp. 1232-1236.

[7]. Jianbo Sui; Xiao Wang; Xiuwan Chen, (2005). 'Design and application of the flood loss evaluation system based on GIS and RS', Proceedings of Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium '05. Vol.2, 25-29 July pp.1372-1375.

[8]. Jiao Yunqing, Wang Shixin, Zhou Yi and Wang Litao, (2007), 'Uncertainty Analysis of Flood Disaster Assessment Using Radar Imagery', Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS, pp 4729-4732.

[9]. Kale, V.S., (2004). 'Floods in India: Their frequency and pattern', Natural Hazards: Indian Context: Orient Longman, Hyderabad, pp. 91-103.

[10]. Kaplan S. and Garrick B.J., (1981). 'On the quantitative definition of risk -Risk Analysis', Vol.1, No.1, pp11-27.

[11]. Kim Jinyoung, Kuwahara Yuji and Kumar Manish, (2011). 'A DEM-Based Evaluation Of Potential Flood Risk To Enhance Decision Support System for Safe Evacuation', Springer Science + Business Media.

[12]. Sanyal, J. and Lu X. X., (2004). 'Application of Remote Sensing in Flood Management with Special Reference to Monsoon Asia: A Review', Natural Hazards, Vol.33, No.2, pp 283-301.

[13]. Singh, A. K. and Sharma A. K. (2009). 'GIS and a Remote Sensing Based Approach for Urban Flood-Plain Mapping for The Tapi Catchment, India', Journal of Hydrological Sciences, Vol.331, pp 389-394.

[14]. Sinha, R., Bapalu, G. V., Singh, L. K., and Rath, B. (2008). 'Flood Risk Analysis in the Kosi River Basin, North Bihar using Multi-Parametric Approach of Analytical Hierarchy Process', Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol.36, No.4, pp 335-349.

[15]. Skelton S. and Panda S.S. (2009), 'Geo-spatial Technology use to Model Flooding Potential in Chestatee River Watershed', Proceedings of Georgia Water Resources Conference, at the University of Georgia, April 27–29, 2009, pp.6.

[16]. Thieken Annegret, Merz Bruno, Kreibich Heidi and Apel Heiko, (2006). 'Methods for flood risk analysis: Concepts and challenges', International Workshop on Flash Floods in Urban Areas Muscat – Sultanate of Oman, 4-6 September 2006.

[17]. Vijayalakshmi D.P. and Babu K.S.Jinesh, (2010). 'Soft computing tools for floodplain modelling', International conference on methods and models in science and technology, (ICM2ST-10), 25–26 December 2010, AIP Conf. Proc. 1324, pp. 430-432.

[18]. Wang Lei and Cheng Qiuming, (2007). 'Design and Implementation of a Web-based Spatial Decision Support System for Flood Forecasting and Flood Risk Mapping', IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS, pp 4588-4591.

[19]. Yang Qing and Zhang Qiang, (2007). 'Study on Decision Support System of Flood Disaster Based on the Overall Process Emergency Management', IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCom pp 6126-6129.

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

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Volume 2 Issue 1 December - February 2012

Overview And New Technology Of Prestressing Steel – Concrete Composite Bridge

Pramod Kumar Gupta* , Vikash Khatri**

* Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India. ** Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

Singh, K, P., and Khatri, K. (2012). Overview And New Technology Of Prestressing Steel – Concrete Composite Bridge. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1749

Abstract

References

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Snow Wetness And Density Estimation Using Space Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

Praveen Thakur* , Rahul D Garg**, Garg P.K.***

Thakur, P, K., Garg, R, D., and Garg, P, K. (2012). Snow Wetness And Density Estimation Using Space Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Data. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1750

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Water Chemistry Of Suran River, District Poonch, Jammu And Kashmir State, India

B.A. Lone* , Amita Fotedar**, B.K. Fotedar***

* Post Graduate, Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K State). ** Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K State). *** Teacher's Training Institute and Modern Academy of Education, Talab Khatikan, Jammu (J&K State).

Lone, A, B., Fotedar, A., and Fotedar, B.K. (2012). Water Chemistry Of Suran River, District Poonch, Jammu And Kashmir State, India. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1751

Abstract

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Soil Improvement By The Use Of Waste Plastic Material

Kaiser Bukhari* , Naveesh Sharma**, B.A. Lone***

* Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, J&K. ** School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. *** Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu.

Bukhari, S. K., Sharma, N., and Lone, B.A. (2012). Soil Improvement By The Use Of Waste Plastic Material. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1752

Abstract

References

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Advancements in Flood Risk Mapping Systems: A Brief Review

Anurag Aeron* , Rahul D Garg**, D. S. Arya***, S. P. Aggarwal****

Aeron, A., Garg, R. D., Arya, D. S., and Aggarwal, S.P. (2012). Advancements In Flood Risk Mapping Systems: A Brief Review. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 2(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.2.1.1755

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

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* Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

** Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

Praveen Thakur* , Rahul D Garg, Garg P.K.*

B.A. Lone* , Amita Fotedar, B.K. Fotedar*

* Post Graduate, Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K State).

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&K State).

* Teacher's Training Institute and Modern Academy of Education, Talab Khatikan, Jammu (J&K State).

Kaiser Bukhari* , Naveesh Sharma, B.A. Lone*

* Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, J&K.

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

* Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu.

Anurag Aeron* , Rahul D Garg, D. S. Arya*, S. P. Aggarwal****