i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 4

A Numerical Simulation on Improving Biogas Combustion in the Blast Furnace
Effect of Liquid Hydrogen Exposure on Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI Alloy in Vacuum Annealed Condition
The Effect of Ni Doped ZnO and its Photovoltaic Application of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells using Natural Dye
Technological Innovations in Surface Finishing and Polishing: Towards Enhanced Quality and Efficiency
Advancements in Micro-machining Techniques and their Applications in Various Industries

Most Cited

Volume 12 Issue 4 January - March 2025

Research Paper

A Numerical Simulation on Improving Biogas Combustion in the Blast Furnace

Victor Tambaoga* , Khadidja Safer, Terence Matupire*, David Ndiyamba**, Laurence Maregedze*, Erasmus Madzudzo****

*-****** Midlands State University, Midlands, Zimbabwe.

Tambaoga, V., Safer, K., Matupire, T., Ndiyamba, D., Maregedze, L., and Madzudzo, E. (2025). A Numerical Simulation on Improving Biogas Combustion in the Blast Furnace. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(4), 1-8.

Abstract

In order to preserve non-renewable resources and lessen the environmental impact of combustion systems in terms of pollutant emissions, it is necessary to think about increasing energy efficiency and switching to alternative fuels for industrial combustion furnaces. However, their low calorific value in comparison to conventional natural gas may make their use problematic. This research paper considers oxygen enhanced combustion and oxidizer preheating as a way of improving the heating value of biogas which can be used as a substitute for natural gas in blast furnaces. Using Ansys Fluent, natural gas combustion is simulated, and biogas combustion is simulated with oxygen enhancement and oxidizer preheating. The results obtained show that the heat value of biogas increases with oxygen enhancement and oxidizer preheating.

References

[1]. Chen, B., Chen, J., Bai, C., Hu, M., & Chen, M. (2024). Optimization of raceway adiabatic flame temperature model for H2-rich gas injection blast furnace. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy (pp. 1-11).

[2]. Du, S. W., & Chen, W. H. (2006). Numerical prediction and practical improvement of pulverized coal combu s t i on i n bl as t f u r n ace. I nternational Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 33(3), 327- 334.

[3]. Fluent, A. (2006). Fluent 6.3 User Guides: 8.6 User- Defined Scalar (UDS) Diffusivity. Fluent Inc.

[4]. Geerdes, M., Chaigneau, R., & Lingiardi, O. (2020). Modern Blast Furnace Ironmaking: An Introduction. Ios Press.

[5]. Mathieson, J. G., Truelove, J. S., & Rogers, H. (2005). Toward an understanding of coal combustion in blast furnace tuyere injection. Fuel, 84(10), 1229-1237.

[6]. Moon, J. W., Kim, S. J., & Sasaki, Y. (2014). Effect of preheated top gas and air on blast furnace top gas combustion. ISIJ International, 54(1), 63-71.

[7]. Neto, G. F., Leite, M. B. M., Marcelino, T. O. A. C., Carneiro, L. O., Brito, K. D., & Brito, R. P. (2021). Optimizing the coke oven process by adjusting the temperature of the combustion chambers. Energy, 217, 119419.

[8]. Peacey, J. G., & Davenport, W. G. (2016). The Iron Blast Furnace: Theory and Practice. Elsevier.

[9]. Souza, E. E. B. D. (2020). Modelling and Simulation of Coke and PCI Combustion in an Industrial Blast Furnace Raceway.

[10]. Vamvuka, D., Schwanekamp, G., & Gudenau, H. W. (1996). Combustion of pulverized coal with additives under conditions simulating blast furnace injection. Fuel, 75(9), 1145-1150.

[11]. Walker, W., Gu, M., D'Alessio, J., Macfadyen, N., & Zhou, C. (2008). Methodology for the numerical simulation of natural gas, coal, and coke combustion in a blast furnace. In Heat Transfer Summer Conference, 48494, 215-223.

[12]. Wu, S. L., Liu, C. S., Fu, C. L., Xu, J., & Kou, M. Y. (2011). Improvements on calculation model of theoretical combustion temperature in a blast furnace. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 18(12), 1-5.

[13]. Yadav, S., & Mondal, S. S. (2019). A complete review based on various aspects of pulverized coal combustion. International Journal of Energy Research, 43(8), 3134- 3165.

[14]. Zhang, J. L., Wang, G. W., Shao, J. G., Chen, Y. X., & Yang, T. J. (2013). Pulverized coal combustion of nitrogen free blast furnace. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 20(3), 1-5.

[15]. Zhang, L., Xie, W., & Ren, Z. (2020). Combustion stability analysis for non-standard low-calorific gases: Blast furnace gas and coke oven gas. Fuel, 278, 118216.

[16]. Zhang, W., Dai, J., Li, C., Yu, X., Xue, Z., & Saxén, H. (2021). A review on explorations of the oxygen blast furnace process. Steel Research International, 92(1), 2000326.

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Research Paper

Effect of Liquid Hydrogen Exposure on Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI Alloy in Vacuum Annealed Condition

Manikandan P.* , Naresh Kumar K., Sudarshan Rao G.*, Sushant K Manwatkar**, Venugopal A.*, Satish Kumar Singh, Govind***

*-******* Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Manikandan, P., Kumar, K. N., Rao, G. S., Manwatkar, S. K., Venugopal, A., Singh, S. K., and Govind. (2025). Effect of Liquid Hydrogen Exposure on Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI Alloy in Vacuum Annealed Condition. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(4), 9-16.

Abstract

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is an extra low interstitial (ELI) grade titanium alloy used in spherical gas bottles submerged in liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks at cryogenic temperature (20 K). It is essential to study the effect of LH2 exposure on the mechanical and fracture properties of the alloy. The impact of LH2 on the fracture toughness and other mechanical properties, such as tensile properties, impact strength, and notch tensile strength (NTS) of the alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, has been studied at room and cryogenic temperatures. The results show that there was a marginal degradation in fracture toughness and ductility of the alloy due to LH2 exposure. However, fractography analysis revealed that the fracture morphology of the alloy exhibits a typical ductile mode of failure in the presence and absence of LH2.

References

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[10]. Lu, Z., Zhang, X., Ji, W., Wei, S., Yao, C., & Han, D. (2021). Investigation on the Deformation Mechanism of Ti–5Al-2.5Sn-ELi Titanium Alloy at Cryogenic and Room Temperatures. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 818, 141380.

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[14]. Tan, M. J., Chen, G. W., & Thiruvarudchelvan, S. (2007). High temperature deformation in Ti–5Al–2.5 Sn alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 192, 434-438.

[15]. Tiwari, G. P., Bose, A., Chakravartty, J. K., Wadekar, S. L., Totlani, M. K., Arya, R. N., & Fotedar, R. K. (2000). A Study of Internal Hydrogen Embrittlement of Steels. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 286(2), 269-281.

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Research Paper

The Effect of Ni Doped ZnO and its Photovoltaic Application of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells using Natural Dye

Selva Esakki E.* , Muthu Kani R.**

*-** JP College of Arts and Science, Ayakudi, Agarakattu, Tamil Nadu, India.

Esakki, E. S., and Kani, R. M. (2025). The Effect of Ni Doped ZnO and its Photovoltaic Application of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells using Natural Dye. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(4), 17-26.

Abstract

In order to make ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells that act as photosensitizers for Terminalia catappa fruit, the metal oxide semiconductor of undoped and Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles was synthesized using the solvothermal method. Ethanol was used as the solvent. The X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for structural, optical, and electrical characterizations were used to analyze these produced nanoparticles. Additionally, a solar simulator with one sun AM 1.5G (100 mW/cm²) light supplied by a 300 W xenon lamp was used to analyze the J-V characterization of solar cell parameters. This result also shows that the corresponding efficiency of a solar cell application can be increased by incorporating Ni into ZnO nanoparticles in a solution.

References

[1]. Esakki, E. S., & Sundar, M. (2020). Fabrication of natural dye sensitized solar cell using sunflower, Indian almond fruit and pongame oil tree leaf extracts with TiO2 photoanode. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9, 7082-7087.

[2]. Esakki, E. S., Devi, L. R., & Sundar, S. M. (2022b). Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells using aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ixora macrothyrsa flowers. Applied Biological Research, 24 (2), 184-190.

[3]. Esakki, E. S., Sarathi, R., Sundar, S. M., & Devi, L. R. (2021). Fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells using Ixora macrothyrsa. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 2182-2187.

[4]. Esakki, E. S., Sheeba, N. L., & Sundar, S. M. (2022c). Fabrication of dye-sensitised solar cells using four natural sensitisers of ZnO nanoparticle at different pH values. International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology, 13(4), 321-340.

[5]. Esakki, E. S., Vivek, P., & Sundar, S. M. (2023). Influence on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell using Cd doped ZnO via solvothermal method. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 147, 110213.

[6]. Esakki, E. S., Vivek, P., Devi, L. R., Sarathi, R., Sheeba, N. L., & Sundar, S. M. (2022d). Influence on electrochemical impedance and photovoltaic performance of natural DSSC using Terminalia catappa based on Mg-doped ZnO photoanode. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 99(12), 100756.

[7]. Esakki, S., Devi, K., & Sundar, M. (2022a). Natural dye sensitized solar cells using henna leaves with ZnO nanoparticle at various pH values. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 13(05), 60-69.

[8]. Ge, Z., Wang, C., Chen, T., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Guo, L., & Liu, J. (2021). Preparation of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles via layered double hydroxide and application for dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 150, 109833.

[9]. Gokilamani, N., Muthukumarasamy, N., Thambidurai, M., Ranjitha, A., Velauthapillai, D., Senthil, T. S., & Balasundaraprabhu, R. (2013). Dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extracted from rose petals. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 24, 3394-3402.

[10]. Gupta, D. P., Kumar, S., Kalsi, P. C., Manchanda, V. K., & Mittal, V. K. (2015). γ-Ray modifications of optical/chemical properties of polycarbonate polymer. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 5(03), 129.

[11]. Guruvammal, D., Selvaraj, S., & Sundar, S. M. (2016). Effect of Ni-doping on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles by solvothermal method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 682, 850-855.

[12]. Jule, L. T., Dejene, F. B., Ali, A. G., Roro, K. T., Hegazy, A., Allam, N. K., & El Shenawy, E. (2016). Wide visible emission and narrowing band gap in Cd-doped ZnO nanopowders synthesized via sol-gel route. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 687, 920-926.

[13]. Kahouli, M., Barhoumi, A., Bouzid, A., Al-Hajry, A., & Guermazi, S. (2015). Structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by direct precipitation method. Superlattices and Microstructures, 85, 7-23.

[14]. Kalu, O., Correia, M. R., Cantarero, A., Martinez- Rodriguez, H. A., Duarte-Moller, J. A., & Reyes-Rojas, A. (2020). Enhanced optical properties of Cd–Mg-Co- doped ZnO nanoparticles induced by low crystal structure distortion. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 146, 109611.

[15]. Kokate, S. K., Supekar, A. T., Baviskar, P. K., Palve, B. M., Jadkar, S. R., Mohite, K. C., & Pathan, H. M. (2018). CdS sensitized pristine and Cd doped ZnO solar cells: Effect of SILAR cycles on optical properties and efficiency. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 80, 179-183.

[16]. Manikandan, A., Manikandan, E., Meenatchi, B., Vadivel, S., Jaganathan, S. K., Ladchumananandasivam, R., & Aanand, J. S. (2017). Rare earth element (REE) lanthanum doped zinc oxide (La: ZnO) nanomaterials: Synthesis structural optical and antibacterial studies. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 723, 1155-1161.

[17]. Nayeri, F. D., Soleimani, E. A., & Salehi, F. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanowires grown on different seed layers: The application for dye-sensitized solar cells. Renewable Energy, 60, 246-255.

[18]. Pandey, P., Kurchania, R., & Haque, F. Z. (2015). Rare earth ion (La, Ce, and Eu) doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel method: Application in dye sensitized solar cells. Optics and Spectroscopy, 119, 666- 671.

[19]. Polat, İ. S. M. A. İ. L., Yılmaz, S., Bacaksız, E., Atasoy, Y. A. V. U. Z., & Tomakin, M. U. R. A. T. (2014). Synthesis and fabrication of Mg-doped ZnO-based dye-synthesized solar cells. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 25, 3173-3178.

[20]. Polat, I., Yilmaz, S., Tomakin, M., & Bacaksiz, E. (2017). Role of Mg doping in the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of ZnO-based DSSCs. Turkish Journal of Physics, 41(2), 160-170.

[21]. Pratiwi, D. D., Nurosyid, F., Supriyanto, A., & Suryana, R. (2017). Performance improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) by using dyes mixture from chlorophyll and anthocyanin. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 909 (1), 012025. IOP Publishing.

[22]. Rahmani, M. B., Keshmiri, S. H., Shafiei, M., Latham, K., Wlodarski, W., Du Plessis, J., & Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2009). Transition from n-to p-type of spray pyrolysis deposited Cu doped ZnO thin films for NO2 Sensor Letters, 7(4), 621-628.

[23]. Raj, C. J., Prabakar, K., Karthick, S. N., Hemalatha, K. V., Son, M. K., & Kim, H. J. (2013). Banyan root structured Mg-doped ZnO photoanode dye-sensitized solar cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117(6), 2600-2607.

[24]. Ravichandran, C., Kumar, J., Srinivasan, G., Lennon, C., & Sivananthan, S. (2015). Investigations on the structural and optical properties of band gap engineered Zn 1− x (Cd, Mg) x O thin films deposited by sol–gel technique. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 26, 5489-5494.

[25]. Sarathi, R., & Sundar, S. M. (2022). Effect of pH variation on bandgap and visible light photocatalytic properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 7(3), 252-266.

[26]. Sarathi, R., Esakki, E. S., & Sundar, S. M. (2022a). Synthesis, s t ructural, optical, magnetic and photocatalytic activity of nickel doped Zn O nanoparticles. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 13(04), 104-110.

[27]. Sarathi, R., Sheeba, N. L., Essaki, E. S., & Sundar, S. M. (2022b). Titanium doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles: A study of structural and optical properties for photocatalytic applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 64, 1859-1863.

[28]. Sheeba, N. L., Esakki, E. S., Sarathi, R., Esaiarasi, A., & Sundar, S. M. (2023). Investigation on the removal of contaminants from washing machine discharge using Strychnos potatorum (clearing nut)–A potential purifying agent. Heliyon, 9(9), e19869.

[29]. Tamgadge, Y. S., Gedam, P. P., Ganorkar, R. P., Mahure, M. A., Pahurkar, V. G., & Muley, G. G. (2018). Synthesis and characterization of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 1953 (1), 030003. AIP Publishing.

[30]. Tamgadge, Y. S., Sunatkari, A. L., Talwatkar, S. S., Pahurkar, V. G., & Muley, G. G. (2016a). Passive optical limiting studies of nanostructured Cu doped ZnO–PVA composite thin films. Optical Materials, 51, 175-184.

[31]. Tamgadge, Y., Pahurkar, V., Sunatkari, A., Talwatkar, S., & Muley, G. (2016b). Thermo Optical properties of amino acid modified ZnO PVA colloidal suspension under CW laser illumination. In Macromolecular Symposia, 362 (1), 73-81.

[32]. Taya, S. A., El-Agez, T. M., El-Ghamri, H. S., & Abdel- Latif, M. S. (2013). Dye-sensitized solar cells using fresh and dried natural dyes. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 2(2), 37-42.

[33]. Vivek, P., Sivakumar, R., Esakki, E. S., & Deivanayaki, S. (2023). Fabrication of NiO/RGO nanocomposite for enhancing photocatalytic performance through degradation of RhB. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 176, 111255.

[34]. Wei, L., Yang, Y., Zhu, Z., Fan, R., Wang, P., Dong, Y., & Chen, S. (2015). Effect of different donor groups in bis (6- methoxylpyridin-2-yl) substituted co-sensitizer on the performance of N719 sensitized solar cells. RSC Advances, 5(117), 96934-96944.

[35]. Ye, N., Qi, J., Qi, Z., Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Liu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2010). Improvement of the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells using Sn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Journal of Power Sources, 195(17), 5806- 5809.

[36]. Yong-jae, K., Kyung-hoon, K., & Kwang-bo, S. (2002). Characterization of ZnO nanopowders synthesized by the polymerized complex method via an organochemical route. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 3(3), 146-149.

[37]. Yun, S., Lee, J., Chung, J., & Lim, S. (2010). Improvement of ZnO nanorod-based dye-sensitized solar cell efficiency by Al-doping. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 71(12), 1724-1731.

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Review Paper

Technological Innovations in Surface Finishing and Polishing: Towards Enhanced Quality and Efficiency

Harvinder Singh* , Swarn Kumar, Avtar Singh, Ravinder Singh, Satish Kumar

*-***** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, India.

Singh, H., Kumar, S., Singh, A., Singh, R., and Kumar, S. (2025). Technological Innovations in Surface Finishing and Polishing: Towards Enhanced Quality and Efficiency. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(4), 27-35.

Abstract

Enhancing surface quality across all machine components is essential for minimizing wear-related losses and prolonging the operational life of mechanical parts. Fine finishing plays a critical role in the manufacturing of hard surfaces—such as molds and dies—by improving surface smoothness and flatness while eliminating tool marks. Although cutting processes have largely been automated through Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems, fine finishing and polishing still heavily depend on the skill and expertise of experienced operators. In instances where operators lack polishing proficiency, achieving the desired surface roughness and smoothness becomes time- consuming. Notably, polishing operations can consume more than half of the total production time, presenting a significant challenge in manufacturing workflows. Additionally, the harsh working conditions associated with polishing—characterized by noise and dust—often discourage workers from engaging in such tasks. Given these challenges, this review study focuses on recent advancements and emerging technologies aimed at improving fine surface finishing processes.

References

[1]. Bayoumi, M. R., & Abdellatif, A. K. (1995). Effect of surface finish on fatigue strength. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 51(5), 861-870.

[2]. Goyal, A., Singh, H., Goyal, R., Singh, R., & Singh, S. (2022). Recent advancements in abrasive flow machining and abrasive materials: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 3065-3072.

[3]. Grover, V., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Improved magnetorheological honing process for nanofinishing of variable cylindrical internal surfaces. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 33(11), 1177-1187.

[4]. Hoshino, T., Kurata, Y., Terasaki, Y., & Susa, K. (2001). Mechanism of polishing of SiO2 films by CeO2 particles. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 283(1-3), 129-136.

[5]. Khanna, O. P., & Lal, M. (2005). A Textbook of Production Technology. Dhanpat Rai.

[6]. Kumar, S., & Singh, H. (2023). Experimental investigation on wear performance of different materials for stamping of mild steel. In Manufacturing Engineering and Materials Science (pp. 10-24). CRC Press.

[7]. Kumar, S., Kumar, S., Singh, H., & Mehra, R. (2024a). Cold spray coating of nano crystallization material, method, properties and challenges: A critical review. Thermal Spray Coatings: Materials, Techniques & Applications (pp. 250-274).

[8]. Kumar, S., Singh, H., Mehra, R., & Goyal, A. (2024b). Experimental investigation on surface texture of inconel- 800 with hybrid machining method using optimization technique. In Modern Hybrid Machining and Super Finishing Processes (pp. 147-160). CRC Press.

[9]. Lam, S. S., & Smith, A. E. (1997). Process monitoring of abrasive flow machining using a neural network predictive model. In 6th Industrial Engineering Research Conference Proceedings (pp. 477-482).

[10]. Mahajan, A., Singh, H., Kumar, S., & Kumar, S. (2022). Mechanical properties assessment of TIG welded SS 304 joints. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 3073-3077.

[11]. Mahalik, N. P., Jha, S., & Jain, V. K. (2006). Nanofinishing techniques. Micromanufacturing and Nanotechnology (pp. 171-195).

[12]. Rhoades, L. J. (1988). Abrasive Flow Machining [AFM]. Manufacturing Engineering, 101(5), 75-8.

[13]. Schnitzler, G. (2001). What's happening with honing? Manufacturing Engineering, 127(5), 70-70.

[14]. Shaw, M. C. (1996). Principles of Abrasive Processing. Clarendon Press.

[15]. Singh, H. (2023). Experimental Investigation of WC- 12Co Cold Sprayed: Substrate Hardness, Bonding Mechanism, Powder Type. Materials Today: Proceedings.

[16]. Singh, H., & Singh, V. (2025). Tribological performance of coatings on automotive piston rings: A review. IUP Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 18(1), 47- 70.

[17]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., & Singh, R. (2022). An overview of various applications of cold spray coating process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 2826-2830.

[18]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., & Singh, R. (2023b). Development of High Pressure Cold Spray Coatings of Tungsten Carbide Composites. Materials Today: Proceedings.

[19]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., & Singh, R. (2023c). Microstructural and mechanical characterization of a cold-sprayed WC-12Co composite coating on stainless steel hydroturbine blades. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 32(4), 970-983.

[20]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., & Singh, R. (2024b). Cavitation erosion behavior of WC–Co coatings on turbine steel deposited by cold spray. Surface Review and Letters, 2550005.

[21]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., & Singh, R. (2024c). Slurry erosion performance of cold sprayed WC-12Co composite coatings. Surface Review and Letters, 31(06), 2450050.

[22]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., Kumar, S., & Singh, S. (2024d). Corrosion, wear, erosion, and abrasion in hydropower plants by thermal spray coatings. Thermal Spray Coatings: Materials, Techniques & Applications (pp. 127- 158).

[23]. Singh, H., Kumar, M., Singh, R., & Kumar, S. (2024a). Deposition behavior of WC-17Co cold-sprayed composite coating on hydro turbine steels. Surface Review and Letters, 2550020.

[24]. Singh, H., Kumar, S., & Singh, S. (2023d). Influence of process parameters on electric discharge machining of DIN 1.2714 steel. In Recent Advances in Material, Manufacturing, and Machine Learning (pp. 400-410). CRC Press.

[25]. Singh, H., Kumar, S., Kumar, R., & Chohan, J. S. (2023e). Impact of Operating Parameters on Electric Discharge Machining of Cobalt-Based Alloys. Materials Today: Proceedings.

[26]. Singh, H., Kumar, S., Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2023a). Electro-Discharge coating of the surface using the WC- CU p/m electrode tool. In Manufacturing Engineering and Materials Science (pp. 204-214). CRC Press.

[27]. Sunanta, O. (2002). Flat Surface Lapping: Process Modeling in an Intelligent Environment (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).

[28]. Thind, A., Singh, H., Kaushal, P., Kumari, N., Singh, H., Lamba, S., & Sharma, A. (2024). Enhancement of virtual machine migration using artificial bee colony algorithm. In 2024 11th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[29]. Todd, R. H., Allen, D. K., & Alting, L. (1994). Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. Industrial Press Inc.

[30]. Zhu, H., Tessaroto, L. A., Sabia, R., Greenhut, V. A., Smith, M., & Niesz, D. E. (2004). Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) anisotropy in sapphir.e. Applied Surface Science, 236(1-4), 120-130.

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Review Paper

Advancements in Micro-machining Techniques and their Applications in Various Industries

Venkatramana Reddy B.D* , Boggadi Nagarjuna Reddy, Venkatramana Reddy B. D. *

*-** Viswam Engineering College, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Reddy, B. N., and Reddy, B. D. V. (2025). Advancements in Micro-Machining Techniques and their Applications in Various Industries. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(4), 36-47.

Abstract

Precision manufacturing relies heavily on micro-machining in sectors such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biomedicine, where precision is a top priority. Ultrashort pulse lasers have revolutionized laser micromachining as a leading technique due to their ability to produce precise cuts and intricate microstructures, thereby boosting the capabilities of cutting-edge technology. Employing these techniques guarantees cost-effectiveness and high precision and provides protection against thermal damage, which is essential for intricate manufacturing processes. Integrating laser micromachining with other advanced techniques significantly improves the overall quality of the manufacturing process. Significant progress has been made in laser-based micromachining, which is exerting a considerable impact on various industries, notably semiconductors and optics, by facilitating the precise fabrication and production of complex components. Recent studies have focused on improving the accuracy and speed of laser micromachining techniques, which will enable new opportunities for advancement in leading-edge technological industries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advancements in micromachining techniques and their applications in various industries.

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