i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering (JPS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 4

Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration in Zimbabwe's Power Grid: Addressing Storage Challenges
Frequency Regulation of Multi Area Hybrid Power System with Electric Vehicle Integration
Load Frequency Control of Contemporary Power System with Honey Badger Algorithm Tuned Regulator
Enhancing Grid Connectivity and Power Quality through Reactive Power Management in DC-AC Converters
Examination of Current Developments in EV Battery Power Management Techniques

Most Cited

Volume 12 Issue 4 January - March 2025

Research Paper

Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration in Zimbabwe's Power Grid: Addressing Storage Challenges

Ruvimbo Victoria Makuwaza*

Harare Institute of Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Makuwaza, R. V. (2025). Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration in Zimbabwe's Power Grid: Addressing Storage Challenges. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 1-15.

Abstract

Zimbabwe currently battles a mirage of challenges chief among them being energy poverty which has seen the nation experiencing outrageous 8 – 12 hour power cuts. However, advances with research and technology in other countries has led to increased energy sufficiency, and reliable energy ecosystems which effectively support sustainable energy development including load balancing, seamless integration of renewables, and diverse energy mix adoption. The growing interest in energy storage fuelled by the growth of renewable energy technology has provided research with innovative solutions including improved adaptation of pumped hydro-storage, battery energy storage, thermal energy storage, and storage of electrical energy by utilizing off-peak power to produce hydrogen from waste or coal. This study therefore proposes adoption of the technologies as part of the solution towards sustainable energy supply in Zimbabwe. This not only directly improves power supply but also reduces carbon emissions, encourages the adoption of electric vehicles, advances rural electrification, and strengthens the economy. The study is expected to contribute significantly to the nation's development strategy and support efforts toward affordable and clean energy as well as climate action.

References

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[5]. Ansorena Ruiz, R., Schürenkamp, D., Bricker, J. D., Olvermann, M., & Goseberg, N. (2024). Understanding stakeholder attitudes towards low-head pumped hydro storage technology. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 14(1), 31.

[6]. Batgi, S. U., & Dincer, I. (2024). Design of a two- renewable energy source-based system with thermal energy storage and hydrogen storage for sustainable development. Journal of Energy Storage, 89, 111742.

[7]. Bhatia, S. C. (Ed.). (2014). Advanced Renewable Energy Systems. CRC Press.

[8]. Bianchi, M., Branchini, L., De Pascale, A., Peretto, A., Melino, F., & Orlandini, V. (2015). Pump hydro storage and gas turbines technologies combined to handle wind variability: Optimal hydro solution for an Italian case study. Energy Procedia, 82, 570-576.

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[10]. Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2010). Energy storage systems. Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications (pp. 51-82).

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[13]. Irshad, A. S., Ludin, G. A., Ludin, S., Elkholy, M. H., Elias, S., & Senjyu, T. (2024). Integration and performance analysis of optimal large-scale hybrid PV and pump hydro storage system based upon floating PV for practical application. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 22, 100599.

[14]. Khedher, N. B., Bantan, R. A., Kolsi, L., & Omri, M. (2022). Performance investigation of a vertically configured LHTES via the combination of nano-enhanced PCM and fins: Experimental and numerical approaches. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 137, 106246.

[15]. Kim, S. H., & Shin, Y. J. (2023). Optimize the operating range for improving the cycle life of battery energy storage systems under uncertainty by managing the depth of discharge. Journal of Energy Storage, 73, 109144.

[16]. Kwenda, P. R., Lagerwall, G., Eker, S., & Van Ruijven, B. (2022). A mini-review on household solid waste management systems in low-income developing countries: A case study of urban Harare City, Zimbabwe. Waste Management & Research, 40(2), 139-153.

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[18]. Manente, G., Ding, Y., & Sciacovelli, A. (2022). A structured procedure for the selection of thermal energy storage options for utilization and conversion of industrial waste heat. Journal of Energy Storage, 51, 104411.

[19]. Milian, Y. E., & Ushak, S. (2021). Influence of monomers and solvents in the direct sol-gel synthesis of LiNO3 shape stabilized phase change materials. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 273, 125089.

[20]. Mitran, R. A., Ionita, S., Lincu, D., Berger, D., & Matei, C. (2021). A review of composite phase change materials based on porous silica nanomaterials for latent heat storage applications. Molecules, 26(1), 241.

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[23]. Nazaralizadeh, S., Banerjee, P., Srivastava, A. K., & Famouri, P. (2024). Battery energy storage systems: A review of energy management systems and health metrics. Energies, 17(5), 1250.

[24]. Nzereogu, P. U., Omah, A. D., Ezema, F. I., Iwuoha, E. I., & Nwanya, A. C. (2022). Anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: A review. Applied Surface Science Advances, 9, 100233.

[25]. Salimijazi, F., Parra, E., & Barstow, B. (2019). Electrical energy storage with engineered biological systems. Journal of Biological Engineering, 13(1), 38.

[26]. Sanna, A., & Streicher, W. (2024). Innovative system for BWRO desalination powered by PV and pumped hydro storage–Economic and GHG emissions analysis. Desalination, 570, 117081.

[27]. Shezan, S. K. A., Das, N., & Mahmudul, H. (2017). Techno-economic analysis of a smart-grid hybrid renewable energy system for Brisbane of Australia. Energy Procedia, 110, 340-345.

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Research Paper

Frequency Regulation of Multi Area Hybrid Power System with Electric Vehicle Integration

Ch. Naga Sai Kalyan* , Sri Maha Lakshmi D., Lavanya D., Praveena M., Kiran Paul B.

*-***** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan, C. N. S., Lakshmi, D. S. M., Lavanya, D., Praveena, M., and Paul, B. K. (2025). Frequency Regulation of Multi Area Hybrid Power System with Electric Vehicle Integration. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 16-24.

Abstract

This study explores frequency regulation in large hybrid power systems by leveraging electric vehicles (EVs) to enhance grid stability. A novel control strategy, termed the Donkey and Smuggler Technique (DST), is proposed to optimize a Three- Degree-of-Freedom Proportional-Integral-Derivative (3DOFPID) controller. The system model incorporates real-world challenges such as communication delays and sudden variations in power demand. Extensive simulations were conducted to evaluate the system's performance under various scenarios, including controller effectiveness, the impact of communication latency, and the influence of EV integration. Results demonstrate that incorporating EVs significantly improves frequency stability. The proposed controller exhibited fast settling times and minimal frequency deviations. Overall, the approach shows strong potential for application in future smart grids, highlighting the valuable role of EVs in maintaining grid reliability.

References

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[4]. El-Sehiemy, R., Shaheen, A., Ginidi, A., & Al-Gahtani, S. F. (2023). Proportional-integral-derivative controller based-artificial rabbits algorithm for load frequency control in multi-area power systems. Fractal and Fractional, 7(1), 97.

[5]. Guha, D., Roy, P. K., & Banerjee, S. (2021). Equilibrium optimizer-tuned cascade fractional-order 3DOF-PID controller in load frequency control of power system having renewable energy resource integrated. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(1), e12702.

[6]. Haes Alhelou, H., Hamedani Golshan, M. E., & Hajiakbari Fini, M. (2018). Wind driven optimization algorithm application to load frequency control in interconnected power systems considering GRC and GDB nonlinearities. Electric Power Components and Systems, 46(11-12), 1223-1238.

[7]. Hasanien, H. M., & El-Fergany, A. A. (2019). Salp swarm algorithm-based optimal load frequency control of hybrid renewable power systems with communication delay and excitation cross-coupling effect. Electric Power Systems Research, 176, 105938.

[8]. Kalian, C. N. S., Bajaj, M., Kamel, S., & Jurado, F. (2022). Load frequency control of multi-area power system with integration of SMES and plug-in electric vehicles. In 2022 4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM) (pp. 349-354). IEEE.

[9]. Kalyan, C. H. N. S., & Rao, G. S. (2021). Impact of communication time delays on combined LFC and AVR of a multi-area hybrid system with IPFC-RFBs coordinated control strategy. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 6(1), 1-20.

[10]. Kalyan, C. N. S. (2021a). Determination of appropriate GRC modelling for optimal LFC of multi area thermal system. In 2021 IEEE International Power and Renewable Energy Conference (IPRECON) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[11]. Kalyan, C. N. S. (2021b, September). Water cycle algorithm based intelligent controller for frequency regulation of dual area hybrid system with time delays. In 2021 IEEE International Power and Renewable Energy Conference (IPRECON) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

[12]. Kalyan, C. N. S. (2024). Improved fruit fly optimization algorithm tuned fuzzy intelligent controller for multi area power system stability. Microsystem Technologies (pp. 1- 20).

[13]. Kalyan, C. N. S. (2025). Impact of mechanical and electrical hydro governing systems on the LFC of hydro thermal power system under TIDDF controller. Microsystem Technologies, 31(2), 645-657.

[14]. Kalyan, C. N. S., Gopi, P., Mohammadi, S. A. D., & Bajaj, M. (2024b). Hybrid fuzzy PID control with HAEFA optimization for simultaneous voltage and frequency stabilization in multi-area diverse source power systems. Cogent Engineering, 11(1), 2391958.

[15]. Kalyan, C. N. S., Goud, B. S., Kishan, H., Ramineni, P., Kumar, B. P., & Kumar, T. A. (2022). Donkey and smuggler optimization algorithm-based degree of freedom controller for stability of two area power system with AC- DC links. In 2022 IEEE 7th International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), 7, 461-466. IEEE.

[16]. Kalyan, C. N. S., Rao, G. S., Bajaj, M., Khan, B., & Zaidan, M. R. (2024a). Frequency regulation of geothermal power plant-integrated realistic power system with 3DOFPID controller. Cogent Engineering, 11(1), 2322820.

[17]. Kalyan, N. S., & Sambasiva Rao, G. (2020). Frequency and voltage stabilisation in combined load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation of multiarea system with hybrid generation utilities by AC/DC links. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(10).

[18]. Sai Kalyan, C. N. (2021). UPFC and SMES based coordinated control strategy for simultaneous frequency and voltage stability of an interconnected power system. In 2021 1st International Conference on Power Electronics and Energy (ICPEE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[19]. Saxena, S. (2019). Load frequency control strategy via fractional-order controller and reduced-order modeling. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 104, 603-614.

[20]. Shamsaldin, A. S., Rashid, T. A., Al-Rashid Agha, R. A., Al-Salihi, N. K., & Mohammadi, M. (2019). Donkey and smuggler optimization algorithm: A collaborative working approach to path finding. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 6(4), 562-583.

[21]. Sivalingam, R., Chinnamuthu, S., & Dash, S. S. (2017). A hybrid stochastic fractal search and local unimodal sampling based multistage PDF plus (1+ PI) controller for automatic generation control of power systems. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 354(12), 4762- 4783.

[22]. Yakout, A. H., Attia, M. A., & Kotb, H. (2021). Marine predator algorithm based cascaded PIDA load frequency controller for electric power systems with wave energy conversion systems. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(4), 4213-4222.

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Research Paper

Load Frequency Control of Contemporary Power System with Honey Badger Algorithm Tuned Regulator

Ch. Naga Sai Kalyan* , Mohana D., Gangadhar Y., Rahul Leo Sri Chaitanya N., Rushi P.

*-***** Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan, C. N. S., Mohana, D., Gangadhar, Y., Chaitanya, N. R. L. S., and Rushi, P. (2025). Load Frequency Control of Contemporary Power System with Honey Badger Algorithm Tuned Regulator. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 25-32.

Abstract

This study focuses on enhancing Load Frequency Control (LFC) in contemporary interconnected power systems using a novel optimization-based approach. A Two-Degree-of-Freedom Proportional-Integral-Derivative (2DOFPID) controller is proposed and its parameters are optimally tuned using the Honey Badger Optimization Algorithm (HBOA), a recent nature-inspired met heuristic known for its robust global search capability. The controller is evaluated on a Multi- Area Diversified Multi-Fuel (MADMF) system model subjected to various step load perturbations. To increase operational realism, system nonlinearities such as generation rate constraints, communication delays, and governor dead-band effects are incorporated. The analysis is extended by integrating a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) tie-line to study its effect on frequency dynamics and inter-area oscillation damping. Comparative simulations demonstrate that the HBOA-tuned 2DOFPID controller significantly outperforms traditional PI, PID, and fuzzy PID controllers by minimizing frequency deviations, overshoot, and settling time. The system exhibits strong robustness even under varying load conditions. The findings confirm that the proposed controller, when combined with HVDC infrastructure, offers a reliable and efficient solution for maintaining frequency stability in modern power grids.

References

[1]. Al-Majidi, S. D., Kh. AL-Nussairi, M., Mohammed, A. J., Dakhil, A. M., Abbod, M. F., & Al-Raweshidy, H. S. (2022). Design of a load frequency controller based on an optimal neural network. Energies, 15(17), 6223.

[2]. Charles, K., Urasaki, N., Senjyu, T., Elsayed Lotfy, M., & Liu, L. (2018). Robust load frequency control schemes in power system using optimized PID and model predictive controllers. Energies, 11(11), 3070.

[3]. arideep, P. V. N. S., Gowtham, P. V. S., Harsha, P. S., Babu, P. M., Reddy, V. P. S., & Kalyan, C. H. N. S. (2022). Exhibiting the effect of time delays on load frequency control of multi area interconnected hybrid power system. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems (SPICES), 1, 355-360. IEEE.

[4]. Hasanien, H. M., & El-Fergany, A. A. (2019). Salp swarm algorithm-based optimal load frequency control of hybrid renewable power systems with communication delay and excitation cross-coupling effect. Electric Power Systems Research, 176, 105938.

[5]. Ismail, M. M., & Bendary, A. F. (2018). Load frequency control for multi area smart grid based on advanced control techniques. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 4021-4032.

[6]. Kalyan, C. N. S. (2021a). Determination of appropriate GRC modelling for optimal LFC of multi area thermal system. In 2021 IEEE International Power and Renewable Energy Conference (IPRECON) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[7]. Kalyan, C. N. S. (2021b). UPFC and SMES based coordinated control strategy for simultaneous frequency and voltage stability of an interconnected power system. In 2021 1st International Conference on Power Electronics and Energy (ICPEE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[8]. Kalyan, C. N. S., & Sambasiva Rao, G. (2022). Coordinated control strategy for simultaneous frequency and voltage s tabilisation of the multi- area interconnected system considering communication time delays. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1), 5512-5524.

[9]. Kalyan, C. N. S., Goud, B. S., Reddy, C. R., Ramadan, H. S., Bajaj, M., & Ali, Z. M. (2021). Water cycle algorithm optimized type II fuzzy controller for load frequency control of a multi-area, multi-fuel system with communication time delays. Energies, 14(17), 5387.

[10]. Kalyan, N. S., & Sambasiva Rao, G. (2020). Frequency and voltage stabilisation in combined load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation of multiarea system with hybrid generation utilities by AC/DC links. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(10).

[11]. Nayak, J. R., Shaw, B., Sahu, B. K., & Naidu, K. A. (2022). Application of optimized adaptive crow search algorithm based two degree of freedom optimal fuzzy PID controller for AGC system. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 32, 101061.

[12]. Pandey, M. K., Mahia, R. N., Tiwari, S., & Mahela, O. P. (2025). Robust and metaheuristic load frequency control techniques for renewable energy-based power system: Comprehensive review and comparative analysis. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 46(1), 2474150.

[13]. Sariki, M., & Shankar, R. (2022). Optimal CC-2DOF (PI)-PDF controller for LFC of restructured multi-area power system with IES-based modified HVDC tie-line and electric vehicles. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 32, 101058.

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Research Paper

Enhancing Grid Connectivity and Power Quality through Reactive Power Management in DC-AC Converters

Meenambikai P. S.* , Dharma Raj T., Anita Merlin I.*, Prem Kumar R.****

* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, DMI Engineering College, Aralvaimozhi, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Satyam College of Engineering and Technology, Aralvaimozhi, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

**** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Anjugramam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

Meenambikai, P. S., Raj, T. D., Merlin, I. A., and Kumar, R. P. (2025). Enhancing Grid Connectivity and Power Quality through Reactive Power Management in DC-AC Converters. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 33-39.

Abstract

Solar energy, contributing significantly to the global renewable capacity by 2019, has seen rapid adoption due to substantial cost reductions, including major drops in utility-scale PV LCOE and crystalline PV module prices. These advancements demand innovative technologies like multilevel converters and transformer less systems to overcome challenges in traditional inverter topologies, such as bulky transformers. PV systems, using semiconductor materials like silicon, are categorized as stand- alone or grid-linked, with grid-linked systems dominating due to their ability to exchange energy with the grid. Multilevel converters enhance power quality and reduce system issues like high- frequency switching damage, making them ideal for high-power applications. Widely used in grid and off-grid setups, PV systems continue to expand in applications such as rural electrification and water pumping, cementing their role in sustainable energy.

References

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Review Paper

Examination of Current Developments in EV Battery Power Management Techniques

Niharika Purohit *

Department of Electrical Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Chhattisgarh, India.

Purohit, N. (2025). Examination of Current Developments in EV Battery Power Management Techniques. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 40-50.

Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have occurred as a good solution to help the environmental impact of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Key to the success of EVs is efficient and reliable battery power management systems. Further, central to the efficiency and longevity of EVs are battery power management systems. Recent advances in battery technology, along with sophisticated power management algorithms, have significantly enhanced the performance, range, and lifespan of EV batteries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the fundamentals in battery power management for EVs. It discusses advancements in Battery modelling, Battery state estimation (The state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH)), cell equalizers for voltage balancing and improved safety. Furthermore, it discusses the fault diagnosis methods. Additionally, it discusses predictive maintenance techniques and battery health monitoring systems to ensure the long-term reliability of EV batteries. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms for real-time data analysis and optimization of battery performance is also highlighted.

References

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[2]. Ali, H. M. (2023). Thermal management systems for batteries in electric vehicles: A recent review. Energy Reports, 9, 5545-5564.

[3]. Ananthraj, C. R., & Ghosh, A. (2021). Battery management system in electric vehicle. In 2021 4th Biennial International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

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[5]. Chang, W. Y. (2013). The state of charge estimating methods for battery: A review. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2013(1), 953792.

[6]. Chang, Z., & Liu, Q. (2022). Safety management system of electric vehicle power battery. In 2022 International Conference on Applied Physics and Computing (ICAPC) (pp. 11-14). IEEE.

[7]. Das, U. K., Shrivastava, P., Tey, K. S., Idris, M. Y. I. B., Mekhilef, S., Jamei, E., & Stojcevski, A. (2020). Advancement of lithium-ion battery cells voltage equalization techniques: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134, 110227.

[8]. Duraisamy, T., & Kaliyaperumal, D. (2020). Active cell balancing for electric vehicle battery management system. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 11(2), 571.

[9]. Gao, M., Qu, J., Lan, H., Wu, Q., Lin, H., Dong, Z., & Zhang, W. (2020). An active and passive hybrid battery equalization strategy used in group and between groups. Electronics, 9 (10), 1744.

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i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering (JPS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 4

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Volume 12 Issue 4 January - March 2025

Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration in Zimbabwe's Power Grid: Addressing Storage Challenges

Ruvimbo Victoria Makuwaza*

Harare Institute of Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Makuwaza, R. V. (2025). Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration in Zimbabwe's Power Grid: Addressing Storage Challenges. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 1-15.

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Frequency Regulation of Multi Area Hybrid Power System with Electric Vehicle Integration

Ch. Naga Sai Kalyan* , Sri Maha Lakshmi D.**, Lavanya D.***, Praveena M.****, Kiran Paul B.*****

*-***** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan, C. N. S., Lakshmi, D. S. M., Lavanya, D., Praveena, M., and Paul, B. K. (2025). Frequency Regulation of Multi Area Hybrid Power System with Electric Vehicle Integration. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 16-24.

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Load Frequency Control of Contemporary Power System with Honey Badger Algorithm Tuned Regulator

Ch. Naga Sai Kalyan* , Mohana D.**, Gangadhar Y.***, Rahul Leo Sri Chaitanya N.****, Rushi P.*****

*-***** Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan, C. N. S., Mohana, D., Gangadhar, Y., Chaitanya, N. R. L. S., and Rushi, P. (2025). Load Frequency Control of Contemporary Power System with Honey Badger Algorithm Tuned Regulator. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 25-32.

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Enhancing Grid Connectivity and Power Quality through Reactive Power Management in DC-AC Converters

Meenambikai P. S.* , Dharma Raj T.**, Anita Merlin I.***, Prem Kumar R.****

Meenambikai, P. S., Raj, T. D., Merlin, I. A., and Kumar, R. P. (2025). Enhancing Grid Connectivity and Power Quality through Reactive Power Management in DC-AC Converters. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 33-39.

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Examination of Current Developments in EV Battery Power Management Techniques

Niharika Purohit *

Department of Electrical Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Chhattisgarh, India.

Purohit, N. (2025). Examination of Current Developments in EV Battery Power Management Techniques. i-manager’s Journal on Power Systems Engineering, 12(4), 40-50.

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Ch. Naga Sai Kalyan* , Sri Maha Lakshmi D., Lavanya D., Praveena M., Kiran Paul B.

Ch. Naga Sai Kalyan* , Mohana D., Gangadhar Y., Rahul Leo Sri Chaitanya N., Rushi P.

Meenambikai P. S.* , Dharma Raj T., Anita Merlin I.*, Prem Kumar R.****