Artificial intelligence is emerging as a game-changer for farmers coping with the escalating challenges of climate change, as AI models can predict and mitigate its wide-ranging impacts on agriculture while providing advanced decision-support tools. As environmental issues intensify, artificial intelligence integration is shifting the landscape toward climate-resilient agriculture. To address the complexities of climate unpredictability, this overview discusses how artificial intelligence assists farmers in making adaptive decisions. The advantages of artificial intelligence and climate research working together to identify climate-related risks—such as extreme weather, altered precipitation patterns, and emerging pest threats—are examined, along with its impact on smallholder and rural farmers to enhance overall resilience. A thorough analysis is conducted on the potential benefits and challenges of widespread artificial intelligence adoption across diverse agricultural contexts. Artificial intelligence-powered technologies combining computer vision, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and predictive analytics enable accurate climate forecasting, early disease detection, and efficient resource utilization. Furthermore, reinforcement learning and Internet of Things (IoT) integration support smart irrigation systems and adaptive decision-making under unpredictable climate conditions. This overview provides a comprehensive analysis of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in precision agriculture, climate-smart farming, and sustainable land management.