This paper deals with an energy and exergy analysis performed on an operating 50MWe unit of lignite fired steam power plant at Thermal Power Station-I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, India. The energy and exergy losses occurred in the various components of the plant have been calculated using the mass, energy and exergy balance equations. The distribution of the energy and exergy losses in several plant components during the real time plant running conditions has been assessed to locate the process inefficiency and irreversibility. The present analysis also evaluates the energy efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the plant. The comparison between the energy losses and the exergy losses of the individual components of the plant helps to identify the location of the system where the real losses occur.
Substation Automation Networks are increasingly deployed with devices adhering to IEC 61850 communication standards. Substation equipment can be categorized as critical infrastructure and hence the expectation on the availability and reliability is high. The high levels of availability in substations are required for the electronic devices and communication devices as well. Due to the nature of the application, the communication latency of the substation events shall be very high due to the criticality of the information carried in the network. One of the methods to improve the availability of the communication system is to provide redundancy. The IEC 61850 communication is based on the Ethernet and hence carries some disadvantages like very fast switchover and recovery in the event of link or switch failures. The paper aims at study of the redundant communication paths, recovery scenarios, tolerance levels, fault detection and associated impact on the communications. The above study is performed in the context of an automation system for integrating the Distributed Energy Sources to the Electrical Power System.
This paper explains the tuning of analog PID controller for superheated steam temperature system of 500 MW boiler using Particle Swarm optimisation Algorithm based on ITAE as the objective function. The analog controllers have large applications in industrial control. The fifth order model of superheated steam temperature system of 500 MW boiler is taken for study. Most of the available tuning algorithms are based on FOPTD models which is given by G(s) = Ke –τs/(Ts+1). If the plant is not approximated well to good FOPTD model, good controllers may not be designed using existing algorithms. Genetic algorithm is a stochastic algorithm based on principles of natural selection and genetics. To tune the PID controllers using Particle Swarm optimisation Algorithm , it does not require any FOPTD model. Hence the analog PID controller is tuned using Particle Swarm optimisation algorithm for superheated steam temperature system and the results are compared.
Response surface methodology is used to model Friction Stir Welding (FSW) for the prediction of % elongation of AA 5083.The applications of friction stir welding are in aerospace, railways and space craft. The control factors of the process are tool rotational speed, welding speed, shoulder diameter and tool pin profile. Planning of experiments was carried using central composite design. The Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) is used for the prediction of significant control factors along with their percentage contribution. The predicted optimized (minimum % elongation) setting of FSW control factors are tool rotational speed of 3966.23 rpm, a welding speed of 34.91 mm/min, and 19.89 mm shoulder diameter with trapezoidal pin profile. From this research it is found that the trapezoidal pin profile tool has the best effect on percentage elongation as compared to other pin profiles.
This research presents the mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar joints of AA5083-O and AA6061-T4 aluminum alloy. Two rotational speeds, 630 and 1600 rpm and three traverse speeds 16, 25, and 40 mm/min were applied to perform the joining process. Macrostructural observations were done to evaluate the weld quality and some semi-circular profiles appeared on the trailing side of the weld and flash were also visible on the retreating side of the joint. Optical microscopy was used to determine the orientation and distribution of the grains in the weld and the adjacent zones. Dynamic recrystallization was evident in the dissimilar joint and the fine grain structure confirmed this. The material in the stir zone contained a mixture of both materials but AA6061-T4 which was fixed on the advancing side dominated the stir zone and thus it influenced the joint performance. Mechanical properties of the joints i.e. ultimate strength, elongation, and microhardness were determined for different weld zones and material combinations. Material combinations included joints made of similar AA5083-O or AA6061-T4 as well as dissimilar joints of AA5083-O and AA6061-T4. The dissimilar joint exhibited intermediate mechanical properties. Hardness values were generally less in the advancing side compared to the retreating side and also they increased from the bottom towards the top of the joint.
Nowadays, Atomization is the need of an industrial sector for processing various sections of a typical industry. On survey it is observed that Atomization may help to increase the reliability, quality, security and reduce cost. The Wireless Sensor Actuator Network (WSAN) is the challenging technology in the field of Industrial sectors, has been proposed in this paper to monitor, detect, and control the leakage of gases. The present research work is carried out to detect and control the hazardous gas in industrial transportation system to avoid the catastrophic accidents as well as reduce effect on environment. For this purpose, Sensor Actuator Node (SA-Node) is wired about PIC 18F4550 microcontroller along with sensing and signal conditioning capabilities. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is deployed for wireless communication. On the other hand, the control action is carried out through Coordinator SA-Node, which is capable for the electromechanical action. To synchronize the on-chip as well as off-chip peripherals, the firmware is developed realizing the concept of real time operating system. It is observed that the system works satisfactorily with great accuracy.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used to automate monitoring and control of substations. Technologies such as high-speed wide area networks, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/ Internet Protocol (IP), switched Ethernet and high-performance low-cost computers prove to be potentially promising for increasing reliability and fostering high speed communications within the sub-station. In order to boost interoperability between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), International Electro-technical Commission’s (IEC) 61850 communication protocol has been established. With this protocol, the devices communicate with each other, thereby simplifying communication issues which were prominent in legacy substation automation protocols. A digital power grid can thus be created by implementing protection schemes modeled with communication configurations with standardized information exchange. As a result, the demand for a Substation Automation System (SAS) which provides high performance, flexibility and is simple to integrate has been fulfilled by means of IEC 61850 communication protocol.
Nowadays it is more important to design energy resourceful and economical railway system by decreasing the power losses and consumption of fuel which is slightly implemented using 500 kVA HOG (Head On Generation) converter which can take input electrical energy from 25 kV overhead wire via loco transformer. This paper explains the BBO (Biogeography Based Optimization) approach for 500 kVA HOG converter connected to locomotives. The optimization of specific lower order harmonics is carried out using harmonics of the same order and magnitude but opposite in phase. The selective switching angles for 180⁰ and 120⁰ are calculated offline using the BBO soft computing technique and stored in the microcontroller memory for execution. Simulation and analytical formulation data agree well. The THD (Total harmonic distortion) in output is found within the specified limit.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) enhance the mechanical and tribological properties according to the composition of the particulate reinforcement of silicon carbide/boron carbide and AA5052 aluminium alloy matrix. The MMC samples were fabricated by the stir casting method of liquid processing route. The same weight percentages (5 wt. %) and same particle size (63 µm) of both SiC and B4C particulates are used to develop two different MMC samples. The hardness and the corrosion test were investigated to estimate the enhanced properties of the fabricated composites. Macro-hardness test and the immersion corrosion test were carried out by using a Vickers hardness tester at an applied load of 5 kgf according to ASTM E92 and 3.5% NaCl solution according to ASTM G31 respectively. With the help of optical microscopy, the corroded surfaces were analysed. The results obtained from the investigation show that AA5052/B4C MMC gives more improved hardness and the AA5052/SiC MMC shows more corrosion rate compared to the other two samples.
Blur classification is important for blind image restoration. It is difficult to detect blur in a single image without knowing any additional information. This paper uses edge detection methods and a deep learning convolutional neural network called Resnet-50 to classify blurry-type images. The Resnet model effectively reduces the gradient vanishing problem and uses connection skipping to train the network. Typically, images are subject to defocus blur and motion blur, which are caused by the incorrect depth of field and the movement of objects during capture. The dataset used here is the blur dataset from Kaggle, which consists of sharp images, images with blur, and motion blur. In this paper, edge detection methods are applied to images using Laplace, Sobel, Prewitt, and Roberts filters and derived features such as mean, variance, and maximum signal-to-noise ratio, which are used to train a classification algorithm for image classification.
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of optimizing a 50-node Wireless Sensor Network generated by the Watts-Strogatz model. The six-centrality metrics applied to node ranking and identification are Degree, Betweenness, Closeness, Eigenvector, Katz and Subgraph to determine which nodes can improve the efficacy of communication, pathways within the network, and survivability. Combining these centrality measures is another way to boost the performance of the WSN. From both industry and research perspectives, understanding the decreasing performance ratio during WSN optimization is crucial, as it provides valuable insights into the information-based optimization of key nodes that significantly influence traffic visibility and connection probabilities. The research demonstrates the benefits of a combined centrality approach in strengthening the architecture and functioning of wireless sensor networks.
This paper deals with an energy and exergy analysis performed on an operating 50MWe unit of lignite fired steam power plant at Thermal Power Station-I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, India. The energy and exergy losses occurred in the various components of the plant have been calculated using the mass, energy and exergy balance equations. The distribution of the energy and exergy losses in several plant components during the real time plant running conditions has been assessed to locate the process inefficiency and irreversibility. The present analysis also evaluates the energy efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the plant. The comparison between the energy losses and the exergy losses of the individual components of the plant helps to identify the location of the system where the real losses occur.
Substation Automation Networks are increasingly deployed with devices adhering to IEC 61850 communication standards. Substation equipment can be categorized as critical infrastructure and hence the expectation on the availability and reliability is high. The high levels of availability in substations are required for the electronic devices and communication devices as well. Due to the nature of the application, the communication latency of the substation events shall be very high due to the criticality of the information carried in the network. One of the methods to improve the availability of the communication system is to provide redundancy. The IEC 61850 communication is based on the Ethernet and hence carries some disadvantages like very fast switchover and recovery in the event of link or switch failures. The paper aims at study of the redundant communication paths, recovery scenarios, tolerance levels, fault detection and associated impact on the communications. The above study is performed in the context of an automation system for integrating the Distributed Energy Sources to the Electrical Power System.
This paper explains the tuning of analog PID controller for superheated steam temperature system of 500 MW boiler using Particle Swarm optimisation Algorithm based on ITAE as the objective function. The analog controllers have large applications in industrial control. The fifth order model of superheated steam temperature system of 500 MW boiler is taken for study. Most of the available tuning algorithms are based on FOPTD models which is given by G(s) = Ke –τs/(Ts+1). If the plant is not approximated well to good FOPTD model, good controllers may not be designed using existing algorithms. Genetic algorithm is a stochastic algorithm based on principles of natural selection and genetics. To tune the PID controllers using Particle Swarm optimisation Algorithm , it does not require any FOPTD model. Hence the analog PID controller is tuned using Particle Swarm optimisation algorithm for superheated steam temperature system and the results are compared.
Response surface methodology is used to model Friction Stir Welding (FSW) for the prediction of % elongation of AA 5083.The applications of friction stir welding are in aerospace, railways and space craft. The control factors of the process are tool rotational speed, welding speed, shoulder diameter and tool pin profile. Planning of experiments was carried using central composite design. The Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) is used for the prediction of significant control factors along with their percentage contribution. The predicted optimized (minimum % elongation) setting of FSW control factors are tool rotational speed of 3966.23 rpm, a welding speed of 34.91 mm/min, and 19.89 mm shoulder diameter with trapezoidal pin profile. From this research it is found that the trapezoidal pin profile tool has the best effect on percentage elongation as compared to other pin profiles.
This research presents the mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar joints of AA5083-O and AA6061-T4 aluminum alloy. Two rotational speeds, 630 and 1600 rpm and three traverse speeds 16, 25, and 40 mm/min were applied to perform the joining process. Macrostructural observations were done to evaluate the weld quality and some semi-circular profiles appeared on the trailing side of the weld and flash were also visible on the retreating side of the joint. Optical microscopy was used to determine the orientation and distribution of the grains in the weld and the adjacent zones. Dynamic recrystallization was evident in the dissimilar joint and the fine grain structure confirmed this. The material in the stir zone contained a mixture of both materials but AA6061-T4 which was fixed on the advancing side dominated the stir zone and thus it influenced the joint performance. Mechanical properties of the joints i.e. ultimate strength, elongation, and microhardness were determined for different weld zones and material combinations. Material combinations included joints made of similar AA5083-O or AA6061-T4 as well as dissimilar joints of AA5083-O and AA6061-T4. The dissimilar joint exhibited intermediate mechanical properties. Hardness values were generally less in the advancing side compared to the retreating side and also they increased from the bottom towards the top of the joint.
Nowadays, Atomization is the need of an industrial sector for processing various sections of a typical industry. On survey it is observed that Atomization may help to increase the reliability, quality, security and reduce cost. The Wireless Sensor Actuator Network (WSAN) is the challenging technology in the field of Industrial sectors, has been proposed in this paper to monitor, detect, and control the leakage of gases. The present research work is carried out to detect and control the hazardous gas in industrial transportation system to avoid the catastrophic accidents as well as reduce effect on environment. For this purpose, Sensor Actuator Node (SA-Node) is wired about PIC 18F4550 microcontroller along with sensing and signal conditioning capabilities. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is deployed for wireless communication. On the other hand, the control action is carried out through Coordinator SA-Node, which is capable for the electromechanical action. To synchronize the on-chip as well as off-chip peripherals, the firmware is developed realizing the concept of real time operating system. It is observed that the system works satisfactorily with great accuracy.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used to automate monitoring and control of substations. Technologies such as high-speed wide area networks, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/ Internet Protocol (IP), switched Ethernet and high-performance low-cost computers prove to be potentially promising for increasing reliability and fostering high speed communications within the sub-station. In order to boost interoperability between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), International Electro-technical Commission’s (IEC) 61850 communication protocol has been established. With this protocol, the devices communicate with each other, thereby simplifying communication issues which were prominent in legacy substation automation protocols. A digital power grid can thus be created by implementing protection schemes modeled with communication configurations with standardized information exchange. As a result, the demand for a Substation Automation System (SAS) which provides high performance, flexibility and is simple to integrate has been fulfilled by means of IEC 61850 communication protocol.
Nowadays it is more important to design energy resourceful and economical railway system by decreasing the power losses and consumption of fuel which is slightly implemented using 500 kVA HOG (Head On Generation) converter which can take input electrical energy from 25 kV overhead wire via loco transformer. This paper explains the BBO (Biogeography Based Optimization) approach for 500 kVA HOG converter connected to locomotives. The optimization of specific lower order harmonics is carried out using harmonics of the same order and magnitude but opposite in phase. The selective switching angles for 180⁰ and 120⁰ are calculated offline using the BBO soft computing technique and stored in the microcontroller memory for execution. Simulation and analytical formulation data agree well. The THD (Total harmonic distortion) in output is found within the specified limit.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) enhance the mechanical and tribological properties according to the composition of the particulate reinforcement of silicon carbide/boron carbide and AA5052 aluminium alloy matrix. The MMC samples were fabricated by the stir casting method of liquid processing route. The same weight percentages (5 wt. %) and same particle size (63 µm) of both SiC and B4C particulates are used to develop two different MMC samples. The hardness and the corrosion test were investigated to estimate the enhanced properties of the fabricated composites. Macro-hardness test and the immersion corrosion test were carried out by using a Vickers hardness tester at an applied load of 5 kgf according to ASTM E92 and 3.5% NaCl solution according to ASTM G31 respectively. With the help of optical microscopy, the corroded surfaces were analysed. The results obtained from the investigation show that AA5052/B4C MMC gives more improved hardness and the AA5052/SiC MMC shows more corrosion rate compared to the other two samples.
Blur classification is important for blind image restoration. It is difficult to detect blur in a single image without knowing any additional information. This paper uses edge detection methods and a deep learning convolutional neural network called Resnet-50 to classify blurry-type images. The Resnet model effectively reduces the gradient vanishing problem and uses connection skipping to train the network. Typically, images are subject to defocus blur and motion blur, which are caused by the incorrect depth of field and the movement of objects during capture. The dataset used here is the blur dataset from Kaggle, which consists of sharp images, images with blur, and motion blur. In this paper, edge detection methods are applied to images using Laplace, Sobel, Prewitt, and Roberts filters and derived features such as mean, variance, and maximum signal-to-noise ratio, which are used to train a classification algorithm for image classification.
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of optimizing a 50-node Wireless Sensor Network generated by the Watts-Strogatz model. The six-centrality metrics applied to node ranking and identification are Degree, Betweenness, Closeness, Eigenvector, Katz and Subgraph to determine which nodes can improve the efficacy of communication, pathways within the network, and survivability. Combining these centrality measures is another way to boost the performance of the WSN. From both industry and research perspectives, understanding the decreasing performance ratio during WSN optimization is crucial, as it provides valuable insights into the information-based optimization of key nodes that significantly influence traffic visibility and connection probabilities. The research demonstrates the benefits of a combined centrality approach in strengthening the architecture and functioning of wireless sensor networks.
