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The Educational History of African Americans in North Carolina from Slavery to the Achievement Gap: A Historical Review of the Literature

Cynthia Wooten*, Nicole Anthony**

* Winston Salem State University.

** Coppin State University.

Periodicity:September - December'2025

Abstract

This historical review explores the educational experiences of African Americans in North Carolina from slavery to the present-day achievement gap. Using a historical structural lens informed by Critical Race Theory, the study traces key periods including slavery, Reconstruction, Jim Crow segregation, desegregation following Brown v. Board of Education, the Coleman Report, and the implementation of federal education policies such as ESEA, NCLB, and ESSA. Archival sources reveal that literacy was historically a tool of liberation, criminalized during slavery but fiercely pursued within Black communities. Despite limited resources, Historically Black Colleges and Universities and segregated PK-12 schools fostered resilience and academic ambition. However, integration policies often led to the displacement of Black educators and the erosion of culturally affirming practices. Contemporary disparities in reading proficiency and school discipline, especially for African American males, underscore the enduring effects of systemic inequities. This review highlights the importance of culturally responsive teaching, community engagement, and educator diversity to improve literacy outcomes for African American students. By situating present-day challenges within a broader historical context, this study provides critical insights for transforming educational policy and practice in North Carolina and beyond.

Keywords

African American Education, Literacy, Critical Race Theory, Achievement Gap, Educational Equity.

How to Cite this Article?

Wooten, C., and Anthony, N. (2025). The Educational History of African Americans in North Carolina from Slavery to the Achievement Gap: A Historical Review of the Literature. i-manager’s Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(3), 39-57.

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The Educational History of African Americans in North Carolina from Slavery to the Achievement Gap: A Historical Review of the Literature

Abstract

Keywords

How to Cite this Article?

References

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